Let’s discuss these different types of embedded systems in detail, along with their unique features and applications.
Mobile Embedded Systems
Embedded systems designed for portable devices like smartphones, laptops, wearables, etc., are called mobile embedded systems. These embedded systems are compact, lightweight, and energy-efficient.
Some of the key features of mobile embedded systems are –
- Compact and portable form factor
- Optimized for battery powered devices
- Consumes low power
Mobile embedded systems are widely used in devices like –
- Digital cameras
- Smartphones
- Laptops
- Smartwatches and other wearables, etc.
Networked Embedded Systems
Embedded systems designed for networked devices or systems with efficient network connectivity capabilities are termed networked embedded systems. These embedded systems are considered the backbone of most IoT (Internet of Things) applications.
The following are some key features of networked embedded systems that distinguish them from other types of embedded systems –
- Capable of providing remote monitoring and control capabilities
- Provide real-time data sharing capabilities
- It can be connected to networks like LAN, MAN, WAN, etc.
- Support communication protocols to provide improved security
Networked embedded systems are widely used in –
- Home or office security systems to provide remote monitoring facility
- POS (Point-of-Sale) terminals
- IoT and smart devices used in home or office automation systems, etc.
Standalone Embedded Systems
Embedded systems that can operate independently without connecting to or being part of a host system are called standalone embedded systems. Therefore, these embedded systems can perform the specific task they are designed for.
Some of the essential features of standalone embedded systems are as follows –
- They do not depend on a host system to operate/function.
- They have a defined functionality for performing a specific task.
- They exist as a self-contained unit, combining all the computing resources.
- These embedded systems have a simple design and provide a cost-effective solution for dedicated tasks.
- They provide reliable operation for which they are designed.
Some examples highlighting the applications of standalone embedded systems are given below –
- In calculators, to perform mathematical operations.
- In MP3 or audio systems to store and play music files.
- In microwave ovens to enable automated heating and cooking functionalities.
- In smartwatches integrate some of the smartphone functionalities, etc.
Real-Time Embedded Systems
As the name implies, real-time embedded systems can process data and respond to inputs within a specified time constraint. These embedded systems are specially designed to provide accurate real-time operations in time-critical applications.
The key features of real-time embedded systems include –
- Suitable for time critical operations
- Provide a deterministic behavior
- Have a predictable response time in operations
- High reliability and smaller delay time, etc.
Because of real-time functionality, the real-time embedded systems are employed in the following applications –
- In traffic control to effectively manage vehicle flow on roads
- Medical equipment is mainly used for monitoring patient’s time-critical conditions
- In defence systems like missile guide systems that require precise time functionality, etc.
Small-Scale Embedded Systems
Small-scale embedded systems are designed for simple applications that require minimal hardware resources. In these embedded systems, 8-bit microcontrollers are used as the key component. Hence, they are cost-efficient.
The following are some of the essential features of the small-scale embedded systems –
- 8-bit microcontrollers are used as the main component
- Provide limited processing power
- Use simple software architectures
- Have limited memory capacity
- Optimized for power efficiency
- Cost-effective, etc.
Some of the primary applications where small-scale embedded systems are used –
- Home appliances, such as washing machines, air conditioners, refrigerators, etc., provide basic automation and control functionality.
- Interactive toys and remote-controlled electronic devices, etc.
Medium-Scale Embedded Systems
Medium-scale embedded systems are designed to have more processing power and functional capabilities than small-scale embedded systems. Hence, they are mainly used to perform tasks of moderate complexity.
The features that medium-scale embedded systems are supposed to offer include –
- These systems mainly use 16- or 32-bit microcontrollers as their main component.
- These embedded systems allow multiple microcontrollers to be linked together.
- They can support more complex software designs.
- They provide high processing power and memory capacity.
Medium-scale embedded systems are widely used in the following applications –
- In automotive, it provides functionalities like engine control, infotainment, safety systems, etc.
- In medical devices like ECG, ultrasound, etc.
- Industrial automation or robotic systems are used to manage the operations of machines and production lines, etc.
Sophisticated-Scale Embedded Systems
These embedded systems are designed to have exceptionally high processing power and handle highly sophisticated tasks. Hence, these systems are mainly used in applications where performance and processing capabilities are critical.
The key features of sophisticated-scale embedded systems are given below –
- Offers high computational power
- Supports complex algorithms
- Have robust hardware
- Have easily scalable design and modular structure, etc.
Sophisticated-scale embedded systems are widely used in the following applications –
- In advanced robotic systems to provide autonomous control functionalities, etc.
- In aerospace systems, to provide functionalities like reliable and precise navigation.
- In telecommunication systems, it is used to manage network infrastructure operations.